Value Creation
What Is a NAV Loan? A Plain-English Guide to NAV Financing in Private Equity (2026)
Funds are borrowing against their whole portfolio to manufacture cash. How it actually works, and who carries the risk.
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Carried interest, explained
Carried interest, usually called "carry", is the share of investment profits that a private equity firm keeps after its investors have been paid back. In a typical PE fund, the Limited Partners (the investors) put up the capital. The General Partner (the PE firm) runs the investments. When
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Continuation funds in private equity
A continuation fund is a new private equity fund that a PE firm raises specifically to buy one or more portfolio companies from an older fund it already manages. The old fund gets to exit. The companies move into the new fund. The PE firm keeps managing them for another
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EBITDA add-backs, explained
EBITDA add-backs are adjustments a company makes to its reported earnings to produce a higher "adjusted EBITDA" figure. The logic is that certain expenses in reported results are one-time, non-recurring, or non-operational, and so should be added back to arrive at the "real&
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Buy-and-build and multiple arbitrage
Buy-and-build, also called roll-up, is a private equity strategy where a firm buys a platform company in a fragmented industry and then acquires smaller competitors and adds them to the platform. Over 3-7 years, the combined group gets bigger and, in theory, more valuable per unit
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Earn-outs in PE deals
An earn-out is a deal structure where part of the purchase price for a company is deferred and paid later, contingent on the acquired company hitting agreed performance targets. Instead of paying the seller 100% of the price at closing, the buyer pays, say, 80% upfront and 20% in
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NAV lending, explained
NAV lending, or NAV financing, is when a private equity fund borrows money using its portfolio of investments as collateral. Instead of the fund's individual portfolio companies taking on debt (the traditional way PE uses leverage), the fund itself takes on debt at the fund level, secured by
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Covenant-lite loans, explained
A covenant-lite loan, often shortened to "cov-lite", is a leveraged loan with fewer of the protective clauses that lenders traditionally used to monitor borrower performance and intervene early if things went wrong. Traditional leveraged loans included "maintenance covenants" that required borrowers to periodically meet
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Tax receivable agreements (TRAs), explained
A tax receivable agreement, or TRA, is a contractual arrangement where a company agrees to share future tax savings with pre-IPO shareholders (often the private equity sponsor and the pre-IPO founders or managers). When a PE-backed company does an IPO using an "Up-C" structure,
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Two and twenty: the PE fee structure, explained
"Two and twenty" is shorthand for the fee structure most private equity and hedge funds use to compensate the General Partner: a 2% annual management fee charged on committed capital, plus 20% of profits after a hurdle rate has been met. The 2% pays the firm's
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Subscription line facilities, explained
A subscription line facility is a short-term loan to a private equity fund, secured by the fund's LP commitments. Instead of calling capital from LPs immediately when the fund wants to do a deal, the fund borrows from a bank, does the deal, and then either repays
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How does private equity actually work? A step-by-step breakdown
Private equity works by raising money from institutional investors, using that money (plus a lot of borrowed debt) to buy mature private companies, improving those companies over 4-7 years, and then selling them for a higher price. The detailed mechanics involve fund structures, capital calls, portfolio operating plans, leveraged